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Genetics

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last updated: 25 Jan 2015

Genetics studies the inheritance of traits and have become integral to science and health care over the past half-century.  New uses, new technologies, and potentially new dangers make DNA, genetics, and molecular biology even more critical to the future of humanity.  While the technology involved in molecular biology is advancing so rapidly that half of the knowledge is superceded and most of the techniques become obsolete every two years, the core principles of genetics have held constant since first enunciated by Gregor Mendel 150 years ago.  Therefore, this course concentrates on providing a deeper understanding of classical and molecular genetics.  Emphasis is placed on eukaryotic genetics, beginning with basic inheritance patterns and their uses in pedigrees and chromosomal mapping, continuing with the molecular biology of the cell, and ending with molecular genetics techniques and their potential uses in medicine.

For more detailed information, examine the syllabus and course policies. For advice on how to succeed in this course, and in all other courses, take a peek at the lecture hints. Bloom's taxonomy of understanding will help you differentiate the increasing levels of insight of a topic.

In the table below, the second column includes the notes that I use in class. You can download or print a copy of the notes by clicking on the link in the topic column. The fourth column connects to readings from an earlier version of An Introduction to Genetic Analysis available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (The links in the fourth column are not working, so copy the URL into your web browser address window to go to the correct website.) I suggest reading the text before coming to class.

Other important documents
Syllabus
Class Schedule

To view any of these documents, you need Adobe Reader. If you do not have Adobe Reader, you can download and install it for free here.

Dates (Approx.) Topic Chapter Readings
1/05 Introduction
Assessment of Previous Knowledge
     Inheritance CAT
     Cellular Reproduction CAT
     Molecular Biology CAT
Genetics and the Organism
Genes as determinants of the inherent properties of species
Genetic variation
Methodologies used in genetics
Genes, the environment, and the organism
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21851/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22032/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22007/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22047/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21842/
1/12 Classic Mendelian Genetics
Pedigree Analysis
Patterns of Inheritance
Mendel's experiments
Using genetic ratios
Human genetics
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22006/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22098/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21812/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21977/
1/19 No Class - Martin Luther King Day

1/26 Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
     Mitosis
     Meiosis
Chromosomal Basis of Heredity
Historical development of the chromosome theory
Mendelian genetics in eukaryotic life cycles
Sex chromosomes and sex-linked inheritance
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21960/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22088/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21836/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22079/
2/02 Linkage/Sex Linkage
Pedigree Analysis (continued)
The discovery of linkage
Recombination
Linkage symbolism
Linkage of genes on the X chromosome
Linkage maps
Three-point testcross
Interference
Calculating recombinant frequencies from selfed dihybrids
Examples of linkage maps
Chi-square test for linkage
Mapping with molecular markers
Linkage mapping by recombination in humans
Nature of crossing-over
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22076/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21889/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22023/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21909/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21827/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22073/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22051/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21906/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21784/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22084/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21962/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21799/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21900/
2/09 DNA Structure and Replication The Structure and Replication of DNA
DNA, The genetic material
Structure of DNA
Replication of DNA
Mechanism of DNA replication
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21777/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22104/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21786/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21790/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21862/
2/16 Transcription and Translation Molecular Biology of Gene Function
Properties of RNA
Transcription
Transcription and RNA polymerase
Eukaryotic RNA
Translation
Genetic Code
Protein synthesis
Universality of genetic information transfer
Functional division of labor in the gene set
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22039/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21880/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22071/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22085/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21853/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22109/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21950/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22022/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21915/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21761/
2/23 Metabolic Pathways
Mutants and Complementation
A diagnostic test for alleles
How genes work
Gene-protein relations
Genetic fine structure
Mutational sites
Complementation
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21921/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22044/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21811/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22025/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21996/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21989/
3/02 No Class - Spring Break

3/09 Extensions of Mendel
More on Dominance
Gene Interaction
From genes to phenotypes
A diagnostic test for alleles
Interactions between the alleles of one gene
Gene interaction and modified dihybrid ratios
Gene interaction in petal color of foxgloves
Gene interaction in coat color in mammals
Penetrance and expressivity
Chi-square test
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21966/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21921/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21920/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21850/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21774/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21804/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22090/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21907/
3/16 Regulation of Gene Transcription Regulation of gene transcription
Basic control circuits
Discovery of the lac system: negative control
Catabolite repression of the lac operon: positive control
Positive and negative control
Dual positive and negative control: the arabinose operon
Metabolic pathways
Additional examples of control: attenuation
Transcription: an overview of gene regulation in eukaryotes
Regulation of transcription factors
Epigenetic inheritance
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22020/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21821/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21954/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22065/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22091/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21849/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22095/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22103/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21780/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22024/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22029/
3/23 Mutations How DNA changes affect phenotype
Somatic versus germinal mutation
Mutant types
Occurrence of mutations
Selective systems
Mutation induction
Mutation and cancer
Mutagens in genetic dissection
Mutation breeding

Mechanisms of Gene Mutation
Molecular basis of gene mutations
Spontaneous mutations
Induced mutations
Reversion mutations
Relation betweeen mutagens and carcinogens
Biological repair mechanisms
Repair defects and human diseases
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21955/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21894/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22011/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21833/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21857/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21796/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21809/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21888/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21969/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21933/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22074/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21897/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21936/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22101/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21788/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22004/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21794/
3/30 Chromosomes
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Topography of the chromosome set
Three-dimensional structure of chromosomes
Sequence organization

Chromosomal Mutation I: Changes in Chromosome Structure
Origins of changes in chromosome structure
Deletions
Duplications
Inversions
Translocations
Diagnosis of rearrangements by tetrad analysis

Chromosome Mutations II: Changes in Chromosome Number
Aberrant euploidy
Aneuploidy
Mechanisms of gene imbalance
Chromosome mechanics in plant breeding
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22050/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22068/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21791/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21773/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21923/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21904/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21830/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22042/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21947/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21918/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21829/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22089/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21870/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21967/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21769/
4/06 Genomes Genomics
Genomics: an overview
Genome projects: practical considerations
Structural genomics
Functional genomics
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21783/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21974/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21965/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21841/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22052/
4/13 Transposable Elements Transposable Genetic Elements
Controlling elements in maize
Bacterial insertion sequences
Prokaryotic transposons
Mechanism of transposition in prokaryotes
Review of transposable elements in prokaryotes
Molecular nature of transposable elements in eukaryotes
Review of transposable elements in eukaryotes
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21979/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21808/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21779/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21818/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21869/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21805/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21981/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21891/
4/20 Cancer Genetics Cancer as a Genetic Disease
Cancer and the control of cell number: an overview
Cell proliferation machinery
Machinery for programmed cell death
Controlling the cell-proliferation and death machinery
Cancer: the genetics of aberrant cell control
Cancer research in the genomic analysis era
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22058/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22111/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21924/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21806/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21997/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21896/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22014/
4/27 Turn in FINAL EXAM