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GOAT MANAGEMENTWhy Goat Milk?By George F. W. Haenlein INTRODUCTIONWhy goat milk? This is a critical question for all who are trying to establish a dairy goat business and industry. The value of goat milk in human nutrition has so far received very little factual and academic attention (Haenlein, 1984, 1988, 1992; Park, 1991). However, if facts of the role (and superiority in certain instances)of goat milk in human nutrition can not be identified and promoted, it will be difficult justifying growth of the goat business as an industry next to the dairy cattle business. Since the milk supply from cows is more plentiful and cheaper, the challenge is to demonstrate why there are good reasons to produce goat milk; if not, dairy goats will be relegated to being only a pet business. Despite a widespread absence of infrastructural organization for goat milk in the United States, more commercial successes with goat milk marketing are becoming known in recent years (Loewenstein et al., 1980; Kapture, 1982; Haenlein, 1985; Pinkerton, 1991; Hankin, 1992; Jackson, 1992). Also, significant new research station efforts in Texas, California, Oklahoma, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Pennsylvania, Louisiana have been advancing new knowledge of goat milk production on the farm, and of the physiology, biochemistry and veterinary aspects of the animal in recent years. In addition to that, a new scientific journal--Small Ruminant Research--has become established by the International Goat Association initially quarterly but now on a monthly basis and with broad international support, published since 1988 by Elsevier Science Publishers at Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Volumes of new scientific data presented at five major, quintannual, international goat conferences have become widely circulated. Thus, it is high time to include in these developments the sanitarians, for establishing quality standards, and the medical profession, for evidence on the medical benefits and values in human nutrition of goat milk. MEDICAL RESEARCH EVIDENCE FOR GOAT MILKPowerful justification for goat milk can come from medical needs (not just desires) of people, especially infants afflicted with various ailments, including cow milk protein sensitivities. Swedish studies have shown that cow milk was a major cause of colic, sometimes fatal, in 12 to 30 percent formula-fed, less than 3-month-old infants (Lothe et al., 1982). In breast-fed infants, colic was related to the mother's consumption of cow milk (Baldo, 1984; Cant et al., 1985; Host et al., 1988). In older infants, the incidence of cow milk protein intolerance was approximately 20 percent (Nestle, 1987). A popular therapy among pediatricians is the change to vegetable protein soy-based formula; however, an estimated 20 to 50 percent of all infants with cow's milk protein intolerance will also react adversely to soy proteins (Lothe et al., 1982). Approximately 40 percent of all patients sensitive to cow milk proteins tolerate goat milk proteins (Brenneman, 1978; Zeman, 1982), possibly because lactalbumin is immunospecific between species (Hill, 1939), but beta-lactoglobulin appears to be the major allergen in cow's milk. BIOCHEMICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GOAT MILK AND COW MILKGoat milk proteins have many significant differences in their amino acid compositions from the milk of other mammalian species, especially in relative proportions of the various milk proteins and in their genetic polymorphisms (Jenness, 1980; Boulanger et al., 1984; Addeo et al., 1988; Ambrosoli et al., 1988). The major protein in cow milk is alpha-s-1-casein, but goat milk may differ genetically by having either none ("Null" type) or much ("High" type). Null types have shorter rennet coagulation time, less resistance to heat treatment, curd firmness is weaker, pH is higher, protein and mineral contents in milk are lower, and cheese yields are less than in high types. This in turn indicates and may explain significant differences to cow milk in digestion by infants and patients (Mack, 1953), which traditionally have been explained by the "homogenized" nature of goat milk fat. Actually, the composition of goat milk fat may be much more important than the prevalence of large numbers of small fat globules, because it too differs significantly from the composition of cow milk fat under average feeding conditions (Haenlein, 1992). The various components of milk fat, fatty acids, differ in carbon chain length and saturation, which has nutritional and medical significance. Goat milk fat normally has 35 percent of medium chain fatty acids (C6-C14) compared to cow milk fat 17 percent, and three are named after goats: Caproic (C6), caprylic (C8), capric (C10), totaling 15 percent in goat milk fat vs. only 5 percent in cow milk fat (Table 1). Besides their unique flavor, which has serious consequences in improper handling of goat milk, these medium chain fatty acids (MCT) have become of considerable interest to the medical profession, because of their unique benefits in many metabolic diseases of humans (Babayan, 1981). Capric, caprylic and other MCT have been used for treatment of malabsorption syndrome, intestinal disorders, coronary diseases, pre-mature infant nutrition, cystic fibrosis, gallstone problems, because of their unique metabolic abilities of providing energy and at the same time lowering, inhibiting and dissolving cholesterol deposits (Schwabe et al., 1964; Greenberger and Skillman, 1969; Kalser, 1971; Tantibhedhyangkul and Hashim, 1975, 1978). It seems apparent that in this lipid area is great potential for identifying a unique importance and role for goat milk, specifically goat milk fat and probably goat milk butter, which has not received much attention at all. And all this adds even more importance to the establishment of acceptable practices and standards for quality goat milk production, which so far has been lagging behind those for dairy cows, but which require separate establishment because of the many unique physiological and metabolic characteristics of goats compared to cows (Haenlein, 1980, 1987a, 1991; Hinckley, 1991; Kalogridou-Vassiliadou et al., 1992). REFERENCESAddeo, F., Mauriello, R. and Luccia, A. di, 1988. A gel electrophoretic study of caprine casein. J. Dairy Res., 55: 413-421. Ambrosoli, R., Stasio, L. di and Mazzocco, P., 1988. Content of alpha-s-1-casein and coagulation properties in goat milk. J. Dairy Sc. 71: 24-28. Babayan, V.K., 1981. Medium chain length fatty acid esters and their medical and nutritional applications. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 59: 49A-51A. Baldo, B.A., 1984. Milk allergies. Austr. J. Dairy Technol. 39: 120-128. Boulanger, A., Grosclaude, F. and Mahe, M.F., 1984. Polymorphism of caprine (Capra hircus) alpha-s-1 and alpha-s-2-caseins. Genetique Selection Evolution 16: 157-175. Brenneman, , J.C., 1978. Basics of food allergy. Charles C. Thomas Publ., Springfield, Illinois. Cant, A.J., Bailes, J.A. and Marsden, R.A., 1985. Cow's milk, soya milk and goat milk in a mother's diet causing eczema and diarrhoea in her breast fed infant. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 74: 467-468. Greenberger, N.J. and Skillman, T.G., 1969. Medium chain triglycerides. Physiologic considerations and clinical implications. New Engld. J. Med. 280: 1045-1058. Haenlein, G.F.W., 1980. Goats: Are they physiologically different from other domestic food animals? Internat. Goat Sheep Res. 1: 173-175. Haenlein, G.F.W., 1984. Goat milk versus cow milk. In: Extension Goat Handbook, G.F.W.Haenlein and D.L.Ace, ed., USDA Publ., Washington, D.C., E 1-4. Haenlein, G.F.W., 1985. Dimensions of the goat milk industry in the USA. Proceedings International Seminar on Production and Utilization of Ewe's and Goat Milk, Athens, Greece, Sept. 23-25, IDF Bul. 202: 215-217. Haenlein, G.F.W., 1987a. Cow and goat milk aren't the same- especially in somatic cell content. Dairy Goat J. 65(12): 806. Haenlein, G.F.W., 1987b. Topics for success with dairy goats. Univ. Del., A.S. & A.B. Dairy Extension Bul. 105, 66 pp. Haenlein, G.F.W., 1988. Research on goat milk-not wanted? Dairy Goat J. 66 (4): 243. Haenlein, G.F.W., 1991. Progress in sight for goat milk. United Caprine News, June, 34-35. Haenlein, G.F.W., 1992. Role of goat meat and milk in human nutrition. Proceedings Vth International Conference on Goats, New Delhi, India, March 1-8, ICAR Publ., New Delhi, 2 (II): 575-580. Hankin, M., 1992. New products association needs you. Dairy Goat J., Jan.-Febr., 24. Hill, L.W., 1939. Immunological relationships between cow's milk and goat milk. J. Pediatrics 15: 157-162. Hinckley, L.S., 1991. Revision of the somatic cell count standard for goat milk. Dairy Food Environm. Sanitat. 10: 548-549. Host, A., Husby, S. and Osterballe, O. 1988. A prospective study of cow's milk allergy in esxclusively breast-fed infants. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 77: 663-670. Jackson, C., 1992. Production and marketing of goat milk products. Proceedings Vth International Conference on Goats, New Delhi, India, March 1-8, ICAR Publ., New Delhi, 2(II): 599-603. Jenness, R., 1980. Composition and characteristics of goat milk: Review 1968-1979. J. Dairy Sc. 63: 1605-1630. Kalogridou-Vassiliadou, D., Manolkidis, K. and Tsigoida, A., 1992. Somatic cell counts in relation to infection status of the goat udder. J. Dairy Res. 59: 21-28. Kalser, M.H., 1971. Medium chain triglycerides. Adv. Internal. Med. 17: 301-322. Kapture, J., 1982. An overview of problems in marketing dairy goat products in the USA. Proceedings IIIrd International Conference on Goat Production and Disease, Tucson, Arizona, Jan. 10-15, DGJ Publ., Scottsdale, Arizona, p. 63-67. Loewenstein, M., Speck, S.J., Barnhart, H.M. and Frank, J.F., 1980. Research on goat milk products: a review. J. Dairy Sc. 63: 1631-1648. Lothe, L., Lindberg, T. and Jacobson, I., 1982. Cow's milk formula as a cause of infantile colic. A double-blind study. Pediatrics 70: 7-10. Mack, P.B., 1953. A preliminary nutrition study of the value of goat milk in the diet of children. Amer. Goat Soc. Inc., Mena, Arkansas, Year Book 1952-1953, 112-132. Nestle, W., 1987. Allergy to cow milk proteins. Med. Enfance 9: 163-166. Park, Y.W., 1991. Relative buffering capacity of goat milk, cow milk, soy-based infant formulae, and commercial nonprescription antacid drugs. J. Dairy Sc. 74: 3326 - 3333. Pinkerton, F., 1991. Marketing and processing goat milk and its products. Langston Univ., E.(Kika) de la Garza Inst. Goat Res., Langston, OK, Fact Sheet No. D-01, 12 pp. Schwabe, A.D., Bennett, L.R. and Bowman, L.P., 1964. Octanoic acid absorption and oxidation in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 19: 335-337. Tantibhedhyangkul, P. and Hashim, S.A., 1975. Medium-chain triglyceride feeding in premature infants: Effects on fat and nitrogen absorption. Pediatrics 55: 359-370. Tantibhedhyangkul, P. and Hashim, S.A., 1978. Medium-chain triglyceride feeding in premature infants: Effect on calcium and magnesium absorption. Pediatrics 61: 537-545. Zeman, F.J., 1982. Clinical nutrition and dietetics. Callamore Press, D.C. Health & Co., Lexington, Massachusetts.
According to J. C. LeJaouen et al., 1981; J. R. Campbell et al., 1975; S. K. Kon et al., 1961. GM-12 |
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Cooperative Extension Education in Agriculture and Home Economics, University of Delaware, Delaware State University and the United States Department of Agriculture cooperating. John C. Nye, Dean and Director. Distributed in furtherance of Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914. It is the policy of the Delaware Cooperative Extension System that no person shall be subjected to discrimination on the grounds of race, color, sex, disability, age, or national origin. |
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